DNA Testing
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By looking at the individual’s genetic system level, DNA testing is undoubtedly far superior to any previous technology when it comes to identifying with great certainty similarities and differences between individuals. Today’s DNA testing is accurate, quick and affordable no matter the type of test requested: Paternity, Family Relationship, Child Safety Identification, Immigration, Infidelity, Forensic, Ancestry, Vault, etc. ETS works with only the best laboratories in the US which are fully accredited and regularly audited by the federal and state authorities. Our lab partners use routinely the 16 marker test, the latest in high resolution DNA testing technology and guarantee greater than 99.999% probability of the results. Sample Collection for DNA Testing With the exception of Forensic Testing which requires special sampling and specimen handling techniques, the sample collection for the majority of DNA testing is a simple and painless process that can be performed at home or at other collection sites which offer privacy for the donor. A sterile cotton swab is gently rubbed on the inside of the cheek for about 30 seconds, placed into an envelope and sent to the lab for analysis. Upon collection, the samples are shipped overnight to the testing lab. Results reporting vary by type of DNA testing. From the time of sample arrival at the lab, the result of a Paternity test is reported in 2 business days. Other type of DNA testing such as Relationship can be reported in 3 business days yet Ancestry may require 5 to 7 business days to complete analysis and process the results. However, rush service is always available for clients who wish to see the results as soon as possible. A full spectrum of DNA tests (court admissible or private use) is readily available:
The DNA testing consultant on our staff is certified by the NADCM (National Association for DNA Collection and Management). ETS will answer your questions, provide guidance with the choice of DNA test, and help with the interpretation of the test results. Establishing paternity means being declared the LEGAL father of a child. Paternity DNA Test is a decisive step in the process of establishing the biological father of a child born to unmarried or, in some case, married parents. Before DNA testing, several blood testing methods were used to determine paternity yet such methods were cumbersome and often produced inconclusive results. Today, the vast majority of courts accept only DNA test results as definitive evidence of paternity. When a child is born from unmarried parents, the child does not have a legal father until paternity is established. Children born to unmarried parents deserve to know their identity, medical background and receive insurance and other benefits through both parents. It is generally assumed that a child born during a marriage is the product of the married couple, husband and wife. Unfortunately, this is not always true. If you suspect that you may not be the father of a child born during your marriage, a DNA test will determine whether or not you fathered the child. The highest accuracy (>99.999%) of the Paternity DNA Test result is always achieved when the “trio” is tested, which includes mother, child and alleged father. The paternity can also be accurately established when the mother is not available (missing, deceased). If so, the test includes the child and the alleged father. When the father is not available for the test (deceased or missing), testing other members of the family can be used to determine the paternity of a child (Grandparentage Test, Avuncular Test, Y-Chromosome Test). The Y-Chromosome Test can be used to determine whether two males are related along the male lines, e.g., grandfather-grandson, uncle-nephew, two male cousins, etc. Legal or private, a DNA Paternity test and can be requested for many reasons, e.g., child custody/support, divorce settlements, inheritance rights, emotional/ piece of mind, etc. No matter the reason, a paternity test is quick, painless, confidential and affordable. The test results are available within 2 business days from sample receipt at the lab (or within 24hrs, if rush analysis is requested). A DNA Relationship (kinship) test answers the question whether two children share the same biological parents (Sibling Test). It is highly recommended to include the mother(s) when known and available for testing. When the mother(s) is/are not available for testing (missing or deceased), testing additional family members in addition to the potential siblings is highly desirable to improve the accuracy of the test. Twins can be tested to determine whether they are truly identical or fraternal (Twin Zygosity Test). The Y-Chromosome Test is available when a standard Paternity DNA Test cannot be performed. The Y-Chromosome is present only in males and is passed from father to son to grandson. Consequently, the Y-Chromosome Test can be used to determine whether two males are related through their paternal lines. The Relationship DNA Test coupled with the Paternity Test is successfully used for the purpose of Family Reconstruction along true genetic lines. For difficult to resolve cases, a 26 (twenty six) markers system plus Amelogenin is available to increase the accuracy in kinship analysis. The Individual DNA Profile analysis provides the genetic profile of the individual being tested. The standard DNA profile test uses 16 markers (genetic sites) to generate the genetic profile yet extended profiles based on 18 or 22 markers are available upon request. DNA CHILD SAFETY IDENTIFICATION This is a deeply emotional subject no matter how we think of it or try to articulate it. The DNA Child Safety Identification (or CSI) is considered the 21st century fingerprint. In the past, photographs, fingerprints and dental records were the only means to identify an individual in the event the unthinkable happens. In a lifetime, with no exceptions, individual’s physical appearance changes with aging (height, weight, hair color, etc.). Not the DNA profile which remains unaffected over the entire life cycle of every individual. Thus, CSI is parents’ safety insurance which provides the best possible means to identify an individual over the entire life span. CSI is both one-time and life-time insurance. Like any insurance we carry today, no one wishes to use it but we carry it to give us peace of mind. It’s a minimum investment that brings peace of mind over the whole life. The need for Infidelity DNA Test ranges from suspicion of cheating and extra-marital affairs to non-parental children. The Infidelity DNA Test result provides evidence (or lack of it) of unfaithfulness in a relationship. Confirming infidelity will certainly help individuals to taking the right decisions with either saving a relationship/ marriage or making better choices in the future. The Immigration DNA Test is used to prove biological relationships between family members involved in the US immigration process (e.g., immigrant visa, passport cases or other reasons). The request usually comes from USCIS (US Citizen and Immigration Services) offices when immigrants wish to petition for other family members to come to US (family re-integration). When not sufficient written records are available to validate relationships and satisfy the requirements of USCIS, a DNA test may be requested. The DNA test result will confirm with accuracy whether the alleged biological relationship does indeed exist. The Forensic DNA Test can be requested by the judicial system (judges, prosecutors, case attorneys, etc.), law firms, private investigators, etc. Special care should be taken when identifying, collecting, handling and preserving samples for Forensic DNA Testing to avoid foreign contamination. The result of a Forensic DNA Test will be used as confirmatory evidence (or the lack of it) in court. In addition, a Forensic Paternity DNA Test can be used when a conventional paternity test cannot be performed for any reasons. In these circumstances, abandoned evidence (e.g., Band-Aids, pillow, dental floss, electric razor clippings, toothbrush, gum, bone, etc.) can often been used to confirm paternity. NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN DNA TEST The Native American Indian DNA Test can provide objective information about biological relationships between tribal members and supporting evidence to alleged Native American Indian ancestry to individuals enrolling for tribal membership and benefits. Thus, The Native American Indian DNA Test is used to establish paternity and/or kinship between active tribal members and to provide supporting evidence for enrollment or disenrollment as a tribe member. The DNA test result can reunite adopted children with their biological parents, and help with the claim of child support and other benefits. The Ancestry DNA Test known also as “Autosomal Ancestry Test” integrates genetic and genealogical information into customized personal ancestry reports to reveal the deep genetic roots of an individual. “Deep” really means deep: The ancestry report reveals with incredible details the genetic history and where each individual is coming from, that is, actual ancestry lines down to continents, geographic regions, countries, lands, population and ethnic groups, etc. As a bare principal, the Ancestry DNA Test compares your DNA profile with the known DNA profiles of the living populations of the world using a sophisticated computer program. To date, it is virtually impossible to get such level of information about individuals’ genetic origins with any other means but the Ancestry DNA test. If you don’t have one yet, an Ancestry DNA Test report is likely the most accurate testimony of your genetic lines. The kind of exciting document which you will treasure and preserve to pass along to the next generation. Biological children of deceased individuals generally have inheritance rights, reason for which DNA testing is frequently used when estates and inheritances are challenged by unknown children who appear without warning to claim paternity or by a greedy or disgruntled sibling who claims that another sibling is not a biological descendent. Many families go through the unpleasant process of exhuming the remains of a relative to prove paternity or other biological relationship. The DNA VAULT can eliminate the need for families to endure the emotional ordeal of exhumation by providing the best in DNA preservation and storage. A DNA sample preserved with the DNA VAULT technology can be safely stored for extended periods of time at room temperatures. The large cost of DNA sample preservation at a specialized facility is totally eliminated. Accelerated aging studies indicate that DNA treated with this process is stable for at least 11 (eleven) years and probably significantly longer.
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“The call for a DNA test is not easy due to the complexity of emotions surrounding such decision no matter the purpose (paternity, relationship, etc.) or the use (private or legal). The reality is that the DNA test result could deeply affect someone’s life by bringing either upset or peace of mind to those individuals involved in the process. This is why ETS approaches every single request for a DNA test with tact and great care. Privacy and confidentiality is 100% guaranteed.” |
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